Memory for pictures and words as a function of level of. It seems possible, therefore, that one major function of the left prefrontal cor. Craik has received numerous awards and is considered a leader in the. Pdf conducted 10 experiments to evaluate the notion of depth of processing. By depth of processing, we mean, the way in which a person thinks about a piece of information, for example, a shallow level of processing of a word would be to skim over a sentence and to understand the sentence without dwelling on the individual word. The levels of processing model, created by fergus i. A sequence of words was shown and questions that consist of a yes or no response were asked. The deeper the level of processing, the easier the information is to recall. Depth of processing falls on a shallow to deep continuum. This work was done in collaboration with robert lockhart at the university of toronto in 1972 and continued with another collaborative effort with endel tulving in 1975. They investigated how information is transferred to the ltm and found that when participants were given a list of words to remember and recall, only words with meaning were recalled. Shortterm retention of a single word relies on retrieval. To test lop measure durability of memory trace to measure which information is recalled best semantic, structural or phonetic procedure. The researches done by hyde and jenkins 1973 and craik and tulving 1975 also prove the same results.
In a study from 1975 craik and tulving participants were given a list of 60 words. Pdf conducted 10 experiments to evaluate the notion of depth of processing in human memory. Pdf depth of processing and the retention of words in episodic. Craik and tulving 1975 wanted to test whether depth of processing affected how well we remember information.
Levels of processing psychology bibliographies cite. James, 1890, the idea that rehearsal of information in primary memory is a conscious process e. Tulving and patterson 1968 argued against the notion of information being. To investigate depth processing by giving participants s number of tasks requiring different levels of processing and measuring recognition. Craik and tulving 1975 carried out a series of experiments on the depth of processing model using variation methods of processing to encode words at superficial, moderate, and deep levels. In a test of the depth hypothesis, craik and tulving 1975 required subjects to make judgments concerning the structural, phonemic, or semantic characteristics of concrete words exposed briefly on a tachistoscope. Terms in this set 10 to investigate how deep and shallow processing affects memory recall. The researchers proposed that the depth to which we process information determines the likelihood that we will recall it. Lockhart and craik 1990 introduced the term robust encoding to explain that levels of processing influence the transferappropriate processing in the sense that a more deeply encoded trait becomes accessible to more cues at the time of recall.
Depth of processing and the retention of words in episodic memory. The impact of levels of processing independent variable. Pdf depth of processing and the retention of words. Craik and tulving 1975 hypothesized that depth of processing is a main component of the durability of one. The idea of lop emerged as an attempt to explain the mnemonic system. Craik and tulving tested this in 10 experiments, each with a study phase and test phase. Under the structuralprocessing condition, subjects indicated whether a word was typed in capital letters. Deeper levels of analysis produce more elaborate, longerlasting, and stronger memory traces than shallow levels of analysis. Lab 5 craik tulving1975 major report guide what this. Results words of greater meaning were recalled the most effectively merits reconsideration of working memory model craik and tulving 1975 synopsis meaningfulness of words will not influence memory recall modifications. In 1975, the researchers conducted an experiment in which participants were shown a list of 60 words they were then asked to recall certain words by being shown one of three questions, each testing a different level of processing, similar to. A study done by craik and tulving 1975 into the ltm also refutes the msm. The researchers distinguish between shallow and deep processing.
One paper is referenced in the lab report guidelines document that you could also use as one of the references. Pdf depth of processing and the retention of words in. Craik and tulving lop 1975 journal ol experimental. Eventrelated brain potentials during initial encoding and. Levels of processing theory craik and tulvings experiment. Includes the aim, procedure, results and conclusion of the study. Depth of processing is defined by how information is encoded and how that changes how it is remembered. Selfimagining enhances recognition memory in memoryimpaired individuals with neurological damage. The lop framework can also be explored using only two levels. Procedure first list of words will modified from 60 to 20.
Craik and watkins1973 had participants maintain one word for initial recall, varied the amount of time that participants spent rehearsing the word, and then examined the impact on final free recall. View lab report lab 5 from psyc 2300 at university of newcastle. The ones marked may be different from the article in the profile. A study by craik and tulving 1975 at the university of toronto consisted of ten separate experiments in which variables were altered in each to determine whether deeper processing methods would result in. Lockhart in 1972, describes memory recall of stimuli as a function of the depth of mental processing. Fergus ian muirden craik frs born 17 april 1935, edinburgh, scotland is a cognitive psychologist known for his research on levels of processing in memory. Craik, endel tulving summary ten experiments were designed to explore the levels of processing framework for human memory research proposed by craik and lockhart 1972.
A processing approach to the working memorylongterm. View lab report craik and tulving lop 1975 from psy 330 at college of staten island, cuny. The levels of processing model craik and lockhart, 1972 focuses on the depth of. The concept of elaboration refers in general to a process of relating semantic in formation from the target event to other as pects of the individuals knowledge and. E tulving, s kapur, fi craik, m moscovitch, s houle. In this article we outline some of the main ideas and observations embodied in the levels of processing approach to memory research craik and lockhart, 1972.
We will refer to these as elaborated and unelaborated semantic processing conditions. Selfimagining enhances recognition memory in memory. The mannwhitney u test also made a clear distinction in the number of words recalled due to deep and shallow processing. Visual shortterm memory capacity predicts the bandwidth. Design repeated measures same participants used in all conditionsexperiments. Self reference and memory recall ib psychology mr poll. The levels of processing model craik and lockhart, 1972 focuses on the depth of processing involved in memory, and predicts the deeper information is processed, the longer a memory trace will last. Levels of processing versus transfer appropriate processing. This theory argues that the way information is encoded affects how well is remembered. Depth of processing and the retention of words in episodic. Consider some classic examples that demonstrated the ineffectiveness of rehearsal for promoting longterm retention. These results are replicated in craik and lockhart. Wickelgren, 1977, and the idea that latent memory traces are unconscious, whereas activated ones are conscious e.
Participants were presented with a series of 60 words about which they had to answer one of 3. The scientific method our experiment background and. Each word was presented along with three questions. Craik and tulving, 1975 journal of experimental psychology. The mannwhitney u test also made a clear distinction in the number of words recalled due to deep. Read an explanation and evaluation of this research. This cited by count includes citations to the following articles in scholar. Craik and endel tulving university of toronto, toronto, ontario, canada summary ten experiments were designed to explore the levels of processing framework for human memory research proposed by craik and lockhart 1972. Such mediation could introduce extra complexity into the interpretation of the results and, therefore, was avoided. Dydewalle, delhaye, goessens pictoral advertisements 1985. In their classic study, the researchers presented participants with a series of words.
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